Childhood Trauma & Addiction
By Dr. Mark Baird, clinic psychologist and Whitworth University professor
Slow Brain vs. Fast Brain
If you put your hand up, tuck your thumb in (like you are making the number four) and then pull your fingers over the thumb, you can make a “hand-model” of the human brain.
The outer part represents our Cerebral Cortex. It is responsible for good decision making, long-term planning, and positive social interactions. It’s a relatively slow part of our brain, but that gives us time to think.
Whenever you shake hands or hug another person, you release a hormone called oxytocin. That chemical gives you a heightened feeling of safety and wellbeing and encourages you to socialize.
You feel safe. You feel good. That oxytocin makes it so our Cerebral Cortex stays in control.
The Car Alarm in the Brain
But what happens when we’re in danger?
When we get even a whiff of danger, a signal gets sent immediately to the limbic system – the thumb in our “hand-model” of the brain. The limbic system is responsible for our safety. It is fast, but it’s kind of dumb. It sets off an internal alarm, a “fight or flight” response.
When the limbic system is triggered, adrenaline and cortisol flood the system and hijack our brain to be alert to danger in the same way that oxytocin tells our brain to feel safe.
Like I said, the limbic system is fast. A bunch of things happen all at once:
The heart rate goes up.
Breathing gets faster.
Blood flows to the arms and legs.
The Cerebral Cortex goes offline (yes, you actually lose IQ points when the limbic system takes over).
Your brain becomes fast, reactive and VERY interested in surviving.
This reaction to danger is adaptive for surviving, but not for thriving.
So that’s how the brain/body reacts to danger. Let’s talk about how trauma fits into that.
Your Amazing Brain
Daniel Siegel, a researcher from UCLA (and the source of the hand-brain model), defines trauma as “any experience we have that overwhelms our capacity to cope.”
When something bad is happening, it can reach a certain point where we are overwhelmed.
The Cerebral Cortex goes off-line
We may go into "fight or flight"
We no longer are able to fully put together what we are seeing, hearing, smelling…even what our body is feeling.
If we cannot escape, our mind may completely check out and dissociate from the situation.
Memories of trauma are often disintegrated flashes of images, sounds, and feelings.
Childhood Trauma
This is problematic if it first happens to an adult. It takes a lot of our already-developed coping skills to recover.
Now just imagine what happens when you experience trauma as a child.
There was a brilliant study done a few years back.
In the study, Kaiser Permanente in San Diego did wellness checks for everyone they insured — the healthy and the sick.
After the wellness checks, the patients were sent a survey asking about bad things that they may have experienced as children, called Adverse Childhood Events, or ACEs. ACEs included:
Emotional, physical or sexual abuse
Having a household member with a mental health disorder, or who was incarcerated or abused substances
Parental separation or divorce
Living with a mother who was battered
ACE studies have found that childhood trauma has profound effects on one’s future health and behavior.
If someone has experienced four ACEs, it doubles their risk of heart disease and cancer. It increases risk of suicide attempt by 1200%. It increases the likelihood of alcoholism by 700%.
Someone who has experienced five ACEs is 7-10 times more likely to use illegal drugs.
It makes sense. Childhood trauma teaches kids early on that life is dangerous. The very homes that are supposed to be havens of happiness and support, instead are war zones. Their internal alarm is constantly getting tripped, knocking their Cerebral Cortex off-line, inducing extreme feelings of terror, but leaving few resources to deal with those overwhelming feelings.
Turning off the Alarm
Have you ever had a neighbor’s car alarm go off all night? You’re not even frightened, but you’ll still do almost anything to make that alarm go silent. You might scream out of the window or huddle crying under your pillow.
How much more unbearable it is for those whose internal alarms are constantly going off, accompanied by terror. We are going to look for any way to quiet the alarm.
Drugs and alcohol quiet that alarm and numb that terror. Sure, they have significant long-term consequences, but when we are operating in our limbic system, our Cerebral Cortex is off-line and we’re unable to think in the long-term.
That’s why treating drug and alcohol addiction isn’t just about changing behavior. It’s about helping to quiet the alarm in healthy, life-giving ways.
I’ve spent a lot of time focusing on how trauma can negatively impact the brain and the body and contribute greatly to addiction. But that is not the end of the story.
Love Your Neighbor
Growth and healing can happen. We are naturally primed for resilience.
When we are willing to see the survivor in all of their goodness, their shame, the things that they are proud of, the things they thought they would never speak of – and then demonstrate genuine care, concern, love – then transforming work begins to happen.
I had the opportunity to tour a local homeless shelter. We walked into the free eye clinic, where I saw a man trying on new glasses in the mirror.
I will never forget his face! His eyes were lit up and he had a grin from ear to ear. It was evident to me that he was telling himself, “At least to these folks, I am worth it. I am a person worthy of examining, of talking to, of getting my needs met.” This is love in action.
In the Bible, the first letter of John points out that we are able to love because we are first loved by Christ. When we can see and understand the people we encounter, when we can demonstrate love and compassion, then we can come alongside them and help heal the consequences of trauma and provide our fellow, beloved humans with tools to make lasting and positive changes.
When we love those who are suffering, we are doing the work of Christ as He declares:
“Come to me, all you who are weary and burdened, and I will give you rest. Take my yoke upon you and learn from me, for I am gentle and humble in heart, and you will find rest for your souls.” (Matthew 11:28-30)
Please join NAOMI as they journey with women and children enduring trauma — see these women and children in all of their beauty and seek to facilitate their healing and growth. Click on the link below to learn more.
Dr. Mark Baird is a clinical psychologist, Whitworth professor, trauma specialist and former Army psychologist. Dr Baird has worked with patients experiencing PTSD and knows the hard work involved in healing. He is excited to see the community move beyond labels, see the person (rather than just the behavior) and treat the trauma that often underlies addiction and other destructive behaviors. He originally wrote this blog post for our friends at Union Gospel Mission.
